Welcome to the Division of Physiological Imaging 3D
Gallery!
The Division of Physiological Imaging produces
3D images for tutorial use. Click on an image to view the 3D mpeg movie
with a mpeg viewer (downloadable sites for viewer)
or 3D gif image. The legend below describes each image.
1 Soft
tissue of head. Scan was part of a study to evaluate the upper airway in
obstructive sleep apnea and normal
subjects. Image is generated from 3 mm thick, contiguous, sagittal
sections of an MR echoplanar data set. Data generated via a GE 1.5T
scanner at the University of Pennsylvania (102K MPEG)
2 Shaded
surface display of the blood in the right heart chambers, superior vena
cava and pulmonary arteries. Scanning was achieved via the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor, a unique x-ray CT
scanner built at the Mayo Clinic, capable of gathering up to 240 slices
of the body every 1/60 second. Amongst other interesting observations
that came from the DSR studies was the observation that the total volume
of the heart (contents of the pericardial sac) remains within 5% of its
end-diastolic volume throughout the cardiac cycle ("constant heart volume
relationship"). Thus the heart spends its energy pumping blood
rather than moving extra-cardiac structures such as the lungs. (406K MPEG)
3 Color
Coded image of adult human lungs showing the 5 major divisions: 3 lobes
on the right and 2 on the left. The trachea is seen in yellow at the top
of the image and the diaphragmatic surface is seen at the bottom of the
image. Data from which this image was generated consisted of 120
contiguous 3 mm thick sections obtained during 3 consecutive periods of
breath hold at full inspiration. The lung was segmented using VIDA's 2-D segmentation module and
displayed via the VIDA surface display
module. It has been shown by Hoffman et al (Journal of Applied
Physiology, 54(5): 1414-1421, 1983) that the lung volume can be measured
to within 3% accuracy using the techniques employed here). Images were
gathered in this case via Imatron's C-150 electron beam CT scanner using
ECG gating and a 100 msec/ slice scan aperture. Associated 3-D images of
the airways of this patient can be seen by clicking on image
(203K MPEG)
4.Measures of lung volume and separation into lobes is the first step in
the physiologic evaluation of the lung via X-ray CT scanning. Other
measures can include an evaluation of regional lung air content, regional ventilation
via stable xenon gas, blood flow
calculations, and more. The primary role of the lung is to match blood
flow with inspired atmospheric gas so as to take in oxygen and exhale
carbon dioxide. X-ray CT is the imaging modality of choice when seeking a
comprehensive understanding of both lung structure and
function. (203K MPEG)
4 3-D
shaded surface display of the airways of a patient with mild cystic
fibrosis. Note the bronchiectasis (ballooning) of the upper lobe
airways. This is characteristic of patients with cystic fibrosis. These
images are taken from the same data set as was used to produce the images
of the whole lung shown in image 3. If one wants to measure accurate
cross sectional airway area, one must image the airways in
three-dimensions and then select an appropriate oblique section, cutting
the airway perpendicular to its local long axis.Airway area measurments
are made via our airway
segmentation and analysis program(ASAP), and calculation of the local
long axes are made using the tube
geometry module of VIDA. Branching structures of the airway can be
used to follow a fixed location of lung over time so as to follow function
or to assess changes over the course of treatment for a particular
pathology. CT based "digital bronchoscopy" is being
used to aid in the Bronchoscopic intervention in which stents are placed
to hold open airway segments, juxtaposed lymph nodes are biopsied for
suspected cancer, or lasers are used to cut away tumors which are impeding
breathing.(204K MPEG)
5 The
patient has T.A.R.(thrombocytopenia absent radius). The deformity consists
of significant varus of the left knee with the tibia rotating
around the medial femoral condyle as its axis, as opposed to both femoral
condyles. When the patient flexes her knee from the starting position,
(which is about a 40 degree flexion contracture) the tibia rotates
around the medial condyle and thus angles abnormally inward. The patient
was scanned on the Tobisha Xpress/XS helical CT scanner with the knee
held in three positions of full extension, half flexion, and full flexion.
The data was scanned with 5 mm thick slices that were reconstructed at
2.5 mm intervals. VIDA's shaded surface display of each scan was made and
then slices of each data set were merge together to form a movie of the
knee's flexion. Please view the
application specific tutorial that contains this MPEG .(205K MPEG)
6 The patient has a stage III neuroblastoma. The original data set
was acquired via Electron Beam CT scanning of a patient with a neuroblastoma. Isoview 300 was the contrast used. The volumetric data acquisition of 6 cm thickness included the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis. Please view the
application specific
tutorial that contains this MPEG .
7 3D Display of
a the head and airways of a parrot, who died of natural causes, scanned
postmortem to better understand how parrots produce speech. Motivation for
this research came from the work of Dr. Irene K Pepperberg currently working with Alex,
a Congo African Grey parrot, who can count, identify objects, shapes, colors
and material, knows the concepts of same and different and much more. The
data were acquired, in collaboration with the Division of Physiologic Imaging at the University of Iowa by Diane K. Patterson, a graduate student
working under the mentorship of Dr. Pepperberg. The goal of the study was
to achieve measurements of parrot airway dimensions for
vocal tract modeling
as performed by Brad Story et al. The volumetric data set was acquired via
Electron Beam CT using 1.5 mm thick slices with
a 0.5 mm overlap and a Field of View (FOV) of 9 cm reconstructed into a
256 x 256 matrix. The data was analyzed using an image display and
analysis package, VIDA, and displayed using Surface Render. (622K MPEG)
8 Shown here
is a shaded surface display of the diaphragm of a patient with
emphysema. The
movie shows the diaphragm at the two extremes of a respiratory cycle.
Since,
via X-ray CT, the heart muscle and diaphragm muscle is indistinguishable
from
each other, we have left a portion of the heart attached to the diaphragm
rather
than to incorrectly separate the two structures. The chest wall is show
in
gold, and has been stripped away at both respiratory end points to the
same
level of the spine so that the upper surface of the chest wall serves as
a
fiducial mark against which the viewer can evaluate the motion of the
diaphragm.
The diaphragm is a muscle which when contracted descends, creates a
negative
pressure in the chest, and thus expands the lungs, drawing in atmospheric
gases
so as to allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. One problem
emphysema
patients face is that their chest volume is kept so large that the
diaphragm
is flattened and at a mechanical disadvantage. One recent solution has
been to
remove a portion of the lung. A theory as to the usefulness of this
surgery is
that the diaphragm may be able to work more efficiently if it is allowed
to
return to its more domed configuration during end-expiration. Image data
was
gathered via Imatron's electron beam CT
scanner. (995K MPEG)
9 The patient
has an Anterior Communicating Artery (ACo) aneurysm. Data was gathered
using a Toshiba Helical x-Ray CT scanner. So called
CT angiography allows for the minimally invasive evaluation of blood
vessels,
in this case, cerebral vessels. By having the data in the computer in
three
dimensions, the physician or investigator can selectively eliminate,
display,
or enhance individual vessels without having to individually catheterize
each
vessel and inject repeated doses of contrast agent. Also, since the data
resides in the computer in three-dimensions, accurate geometric measures
of the
pathology and its relationship to other anatomy can be assessed. View
the application specific
tutorial that contains this MPEG . (401K MPEG)
10This image
of the intact, opening, beating heart was acquired using the Mayo
Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor. This was generated from the same data set
as
was used for image 2.
11Airway images were acquired via use of a 100 msec scan aperture,
3mm contiguous
slicing and ECG triggering via Electron Beam
X-ray CT
Since the airway tree of the lungs can serve as a road map whereby the
lung
an be followed across treatment days or between points in a respiratory
cycle,
there is great interest in identifying the airway tree to the furthest
generation as is possible to visualize given the resolution of the
particular
scanner employed. Data in this movie demonstrates an early attempt to
improve
upon the standard region growing methodology (pink) for identification of
the
airway. A method which employs segmentation and higher order knowledge
is
demonstrated in gold. A more advanced methodology is reported in Sonka
et al (IEEE Medical Imaging 15(3): 314-326). (238K MPEG)
©1994-2007 Division of
Physiologic Imaging, Dept. of Radiology, Univ. of Iowa
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